HYDROCEPHALUS: 2 MARKS

ARTICLE CONTRIBUTORS:

• ABIRAMI
• NANDHINI
• BALAJI
• MOUNIKA
• SALAMON

DEFINE HYDROCEPHALUS?

• IT IS AN ACCUMULATION OF CEREBRO SPINAL FLUID (CSF) WITHIN THE BRAIN.
• THIS TYPICALLY CAUSES INCREASED PRESSURE ISIDE THE SKULL.
• IN BABIES THERE MAY BE A RAPID INCREASE IN HEAD SIZE.
• OLDER PEOPLE MAY HAVE HEADACHE, DOUBLE VISION, POOR BALANCE, URINARY INCONTINENCE, PERSONALITY CHANGES, OR MENTAL IMPAIRMENT.

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TYPES OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• COMMUNICATING
• NON- COMMUNICATING.

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SYMPTOMS OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• HEAD ACHE
• VOMITING
• NAUSEA
• PAPILLEDEMA
• SLEEPINESS
• COMA
• DOUBLE VISION
• POOR BALANCE
• URINARY INCONTINENCE
• PERSONALITY CHANGES
• MENTAL IMPAIRMENT.

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DEFINE COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS?

• COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS ALSO KNOWN AS NON- OBSTRUCTIVE HYDROCEPHALUS.
• IT IS CAUSED BY IMPAIRED CEREBROSPINAL FLUID RE ABSORPTION IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY CSF – FLOW OBSTRUCTION BETWEEN THE VENTRICLES.

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DEFINE NON- COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS?

• NON COMMUNICATING HYDROCEPHALUS ALSO KNOWN AS OBSTRUCTIVE HYDROCEPHALUS.
• IT IS CAUSED BY A CSF – FLOW ABSTRUCTION.

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WRITE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• VENTRICULAR ENLARGEMENT DISPROPORTIONATE TO THE DEGREE OF SULCAL WIDENING.
• ENLARGEMENT OF TEMPORAL HORNE
• PERIVENTRICULAR FLUID SECONDARY TO TRANSEPENDYMAL CSF PERMEATION.
• IN CHILDREN <2 YEARS THE HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE IS OFTEN THE BEST DISTINGUISHING FEATURE BETWEEN HYDROCEPHALUS AND ATROPHY.

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CAUSES OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
• MENINGITIS
• BRAIN TUMORS
• TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
• INTRA-VENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE
• AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS
• SUB-ARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE.

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RISK FACTORS OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• BRAIN SURGERY
• HEAD INJURIES
• BLEEDING FROM BLOOD VESSELS.

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WHICH ARE SYMPTOMS OCCUR IN OLDER CHILDREN?

• BRIEF, SHRILL, HIGH PITCHED CRY
• CHANGES IN PERSONALITY , MEMORY.
• CHANGES IN FACIAL APPEEARENCE AND EYE SPACING.
• CROSSED EYES OR UNCONTROLLED EYE MOVEMENTS.
• DIFFICULTY FEEDING.
• EXCESSIVE SLEEPINESS
• IRRITABILITY
• POOR TEMPER COTROL
• LOSS OF BLADDER CONTROL
• LOSS OF CO-ORDINATION AND TROUBLE WALKING.
• MUSCLE SPASTICITY.
• SLOW GROWTH (CHILD 0-5 YEARS)
• RESTRICTED MOVEMENTS
• VOMITING

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DEFINE AQUEDUCTAL STENOSIS?

• THE NARROW PASSAGE BETWEEN THE THIRD AND FOURTH VENTRICLE IN THE BRAIN IS BLOCKED OR TOO NARROW TO ALLOW SUFFICIENT CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID TO DRAIN.
• FLUID ACCUMULATES IN THE UPPER VENTRICLES, CAUSING HYDROCEPHALUS.

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COMPLICATIONS OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• WHEN THE CSF DRAINS MORE RAPIDLY THAN IT IS PRODUCED BY THE CHOROID PLEXUS.
• IT CAUSES THE SYMPTOMS
• LISTLESSNESS
• SEVERE HEAD ACHE
• HYPERESTHESIA
• DIZZINESS
• VERTIGO
• MIGRAINES
• SEIZURES
• WEAKNESS IN ARMS AND LEGS
• STRABISMUS
• DOUBLE VISION.

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MANAGEMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• RELIEF OF THE HYDROCEPHALUS
• TREATMENT OF COMPLICATIONS.
• MANAGEMENT OF THE PROBLEM RELATED TO THE EFFECTS OF THE DISORDER ON PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT.

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SHUNTS OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• VENTRICULO – PERITONAL SHUNT
• VENTRICULO – ATRIAL SHUNT
• VENTRICULO – PLEURAL SHUNT
• VENTRICULO – GALBLADDER SHUNT.

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DIAGNOSIS OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• CT SCAN
• MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI).

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MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF HYDROCEPHALUS?

• ACETOZOLAMIDE:-
• DOSE OF 50MG/KG/DAY
• IT DIMINSHES CSF PRODUCTION
• ORAL GLYCEROL HAS ALSO USED FOR SIMILAR PURPOSE.
• DIURETIC:-
• INCREASES URINE PRODUCTION TO GET RI OF EXCESS SALT AND WATER.

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DEFINE VENTRICULO – PERITONIAL SHUNT?

• A TUBE INSERTED THROUGH A SMALL HOLE IN THE SKULL TO DRAIN EXCESS FLUID AND RELIEVE PRESSURE ON THE BRAIN.

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SURGERY FOR HYDROCEPHALUS?

• VENTRICULOSTOMY:-
• SURGERY TO CREATE AN OPEING IN THE SKULL.
• SO THAT AN INSERTED TUBE CAN DRAIN EXCESS FLUID FROM BRAIN.
• IT IS OTHERWISE CALLED AS EXTERNAL VENTRICULAR DRAIN (EVD)

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TEAM WORK

VMCPT, 3RD YEAR

BATCH 2015-2016